Innovation in Construction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

In ancient Greece

In old Greece there was before a matriarchal society. We know this since it is clear in the writing that has gone into our hands and from the religions of these old people groups. While this proof is before us the purpose behind the change to a male centric culture isn't so apparent. Almost no data exists regarding the matter, perhaps in light of the fact that the change was so fierce sometimes. Robert Graves discloses to us antiquated Europe had no divine beings. The Great Goddess was viewed as unceasing and perpetual. Parenthood held no significance for these people groups since it was sometime in the not too distant future that they found that a man was expected to deliver a kid. Everywhere throughout the world we can experience these mother goddesses. The ladies were viewed as supreme and the priestess of a town was generally the sovereign. She took sweethearts for joy, not for a dad for her kids, as the offspring of a network were viewed as consecrated endowments from the goddes s. Men venerated and regarded the wonder and intensity of ladies and loved the matron, her hovel or sanctuary being the soonest social focus. In this manner the primary casualty of a Greek open penance was to Hestia. Hestia was goddess of the hearth and it is her pronouncement that suppliants must be ensured in her name (Graves 75). She is frequently portrayed as the raised white hill of debris that secures live coals without creating smoke. This extraordinary goddess was !ingrained in each aspect of the Greek family. The goddess is portrayed as the moon just as the sun. The moons periods of new, full, and old review the female authorities periods of lady, mother, and hag. The sun additionally runs its course of spring (lady), summer (mother), and winter (hag). Hence the goddess became related with creature and vegetation through these regular wonders. The moon controls the tides and transitory ocean creatures while the sun controls the reap and the hibernation times of numerous cre atures. The goddesss li...

Factors to Consider If You Want to Become a Lawyer

Factors to Consider If You Want to Become a Lawyer Have you ever watched “Law Order” or “Suits”? If your answer is yes, then you have probably wondered how your life would be if you were one of the characters from those TV shows.Almost every one of us who have done that imagined ourselves in a courtroom full of people, with Judge in front of us and Jury on the side, trying to convince them in our client’s innocence.Ah, those were fun days!And then we would think: “Hey, I want to be a lawyer, it is such an amazing profession.”Wearing suits, putting criminals behind bars and earn a lot of money. It all sounded like a dream job for a lot of people.Of course, not everything is as shiny as it seems.Being a lawyer is not a catwalk, there are a lot of factors to consider, from expensive education to not always being a hero.Sometimes lawyers get to defend criminals, rob poor people of their savings and a lot more.It is just a part of the job, and that is why being a lawyer is not a profession fit for everyone.That said, in thi s article, we will mention several factors which you should consider if you want to become a lawyer.So stay with us if you are interested in this topic!LONG AND EXPENSIVE EDUCATIONNow, before you become a successful lawyer and start earning a lot of money, you need to complete a very extensive and expensive education process.Everyone knows that Law is one of the most boring subjects to study unless you are really in love with it.There are a lot of unnecessary topics to learn and it can often be very tough to learn everything by heart.Now if you are still interested in pursuing a career as a lawyer, then you should keep these next few steps in mind.1. Bachelor’s DegreeIn order for you to even apply to join any law school, first, you will need to earn a bachelor’s degree.You might ask what is the most suitable field to get your bachelor’s degree if you want to continue with education in Law?And the right answer is that there is none.Some studies show that students get accepted t o law schools from almost all fields of study, but that most are coming from schools related to political science, philosophy, journalism, and economics.So it really doesn’t matter that much.What matters is your determination and performance at LSAT, which we will go over in a second.2. LSATBefore you apply for a law school, you need to pass the Law School Admission Test, or in other words, LSAT.LSAT is one of the most important factors included in the law school application process.It is used to asses the person and to help people who need to decide whether to accept you or not, by testing the applicants, by testing their various skills, which could be needed for the job.The test itself is divided into several parts, with both open and closed types of questions.There are five questions where you are offered with multiple choices as well.3. Choosing Right Law SchoolWhen choosing a law school, you need to consider a lot of factors, such as location, fees, accommodation, and popular ity.But there is also one crucial factor that you must consider, which is law school accreditation.That means you should choose only those law schools who are generally accredited by specific institutions, like the American Bar Association for example.Only law schools with proper accreditation are worthy and generally recognized, which gives you the best chance of getting a good job after you complete your education.There are a lot of law schools to choose from, but if your aim is to become the best of the best, you should try to enter some of the most prestigious law schools.In order to get into desired schools, both your previous grades and LSAT results will be considered, so that is why we mentioned how important LSAT is and why you should try to prepare yourself as best as possible for the test.4. Juris Doctor DegreeNow that you have successfully applied and been accepted to the desired law school, the next logical step is getting your Juris Doctor degree or in short JD.It is a three-year program, which allows you to specialize in a desired field of the law.This is where you need to decide what you really want with your life.Being a corporate lawyer and lawyer in other areas, like crime and family lawyer are completely different things.This also depends on your previous education. If you have been studying economics, it would probably be easier for you to become a corporate lawyer.On the other hand, if you have been studying in some other field, then other types of lawyers might be more suitable professions for you.Everything really depends on what you really want to do, what would you like to do and what are you prepared to do, so choose wisely.5. Bar ExaminationYou would probably think that after getting a JD, your education process would be over and you would be able to start doing your job as a lawyer.But that is where you are wrong.There are still few more obstacles to cross.After completing all of the above, there is still one more left to do and tha t is passing the Bar Examination, which is the final test you need to pass in order to become a lawyer.In order for you to work as a lawyer in a specific state in the USA, first, you need to pass the State Bar Examination. It contains two parts.First, the applicant must pass a test formed of various law-related questions.Apart from that, the applicant needs to solve a practical legal problem.Something like solving a case study, if you want a simpler explanation.After you pass Bar Examination and prove yourself as a competent and reliable person who can be trusted with a serious matter and who can make some difficult choices, you are ready to become a lawyer.Most young lawyers first join some firms and work as a junior associates, then after some time they either advance through the ranks or join another firm where they think they have a better chance of promotion, which means better and more interesting cases.Apart from that, some choose to pursue the career of a judge.6. Education ExpensesA large number of tests and years of study are not the only obstacle which young people who want to become lawyers have to cross on that path.Another very big issue can be the educational fees.In the USA, educational fees per year can get as high as $40.000 and in some cases can reach $60.000.With the information that average law student has a debt of around $140.000, you can get the bigger picture of how hard it must be for those young men and women and their parents, especially for those who do not come from wealthy families.That is why it is important for them to succeed in this endeavor and become lawyers because otherwise, it would be very hard to repay this vast debt.And even if they succeed, some may feel trapped in the circle with a job they thought they liked, but in fact, they don’t. And it can be very depressing.That is why it is important for you to be certain about your choice to pursue a career in the law. EARNINGSWhen it comes to the question of how much mon ey lawyers earn, the general opinion is that amount in question is very high.Yes, there are lawyers who earn millions and millions of dollars, but there are not so many of them, which is why the general opinion about lawyers’ salary is usually wrong.Statistics show that the average lawyer earns around $120.000 a year. Depending on a workplace, a lawyer’s salary can vary from very small to huge.Lawyers who work in small legal clinics generally earn much less money, because they tend to work with the general population, who, as we all know, is not among the richest upper class of residents.Also, legal clinics often take a lot more pro-bono cases, especially to help the people who don’t have the money to pay for legal counseling.On the other side, there are lawyers who work for big law firms.They tend to work on a lot more interesting cases, which can bring a lot of money, especially if we talk about corporate law.These lawyers tend to earn much more than their colleagues from le gal clinics.Another important factor when it comes to the salary is geographic location.Lawyers from big cities usually have more cases, thus, they often earn more money than lawyers who work in small towns.THE GENERAL OPINION OF LAWYERSFor generations, the lawyer profession has been considered as one of the most elite professions.Fancy suits, high salary and ability to help others were the most common causes for young people to decide to pursue a career in this field.Nowadays the general opinion of lawyers is still, more or less, the same. It is still considered a very prestigious profession by most of the people, but, of course, there are those who do not agree and have their own picture of a lawyer.So it is the only fair thing to mention their reasons as well since after all, you should consider both good and bad aspects of being a lawyer.Lawyers tend to be heroes to some people, yes, but it is often the case that something can go wrong, whether with the evidence or any other asp ect of the case.In that case, clients can feel like their lawyer let them down and they often blame them for losing the case, especially if it means that the client has to go to jail.There is also the situation when criminals go away unpunished for the crimes they had committed because they had such a good lawyer who managed to remove the guilt from their way.In these situations, lawyers are no longer viewed as heroes but as villains.Of course, not every lawyer accepts this kind of job, some have really high moral standards, but sometimes it is not a choice, especially if the money involved is high and as we had already said, most of the young lawyers tend to have financial struggles when they start their careers.So despite they are good people and have high moral standards, they often take that one case which would probably make them feel bad for themselves, but could potentially help them with paying their debts, because they feel there is no other way to do it.Of course, not ever ything is as dark as it might seem from these sentences.Lawyers do help people, especially those working in small legal clinics.People who do not have enough money to pay for fancy lawyers often get represented by lawyers who have a good heart and want to prove themselves and help people.They often accept those jobs for free or for a very small fee.That kind of case is called pro-bono cases, which are not just useful for clients, but also for a lawyer in question.Sometimes even the smallest pro-bono case could turn out to be a big deal and that is one of the ways for young lawyers to get some reputation and might earn a place in some bigger law firms.WHAT ARE THE SKILLS EVERY LAWYER SHOULD HAVE?Apart from lengthy education, there are some skills every lawyer should have.So it is not just about having a degree on paper.Let us see what skills define a good lawyer.1. Knowledge of LawThe first thing that defines a good lawyer is his knowledge of all current and past laws.Of course, it i s impossible to know literally every law that has ever existed, there are thousands of them.But it is very important to be aware of current actual laws, because it may help you find some loopholes, which could help you win the case in not so few occasions.2. ConfidenceThis is one of the most important traits of successful lawyers. It is not crucial just to be confident for yourself, but also for your clients.Remember, lawyers are sometimes the last hope for some people, so in order for them not to lose hope and continue to fight, lawyers have to be confident and to inspire their clients to keep on fighting if there is even a small chance of winning.Of course, sometimes it is better to make a consensus and accept the deal, but it still takes a confident lawyer who can persuade a stubborn client that accepting the deal is in his best interest.3. CommunicationWith confidence comes the ability to be able to properly communicate with both your client and the other people, like judge, jur y or simply the police.A lawyer with an excellent communication skill could possibly change the tide of the entire case, by convincing the jury in certain things.The way of presenting evidence can be crucial in most of the cases, so no matter you are defending or accusing someone, you need to have very developed oral skills in order for you to either positively validate evidence or manage to make it unusable by the court.4. PrecisionBeing a lawyer is one of those jobs where every little detail matters, so that is why you have to be precise and meticulous.You need to be careful what you write and say because even one misused word could either be turned against you or used in your own advantage if you are precise enough to find it.Every contract, formal e-mail or just a simple conversation between lawyers and clients must be carefully conducted.That is why it is important to have a plan before you jump to a case.Read everything related to it, find out all the facts and be aware of eve ry little detail, because if you could have found it, it means that your opponents can too.5. Time PlanningOne of the most difficult things to process as a lawyer is that it is a very time-consuming job.Perhaps it is not the case when you first start working, but after a while, cases will pile up, so you will need to work much longer hours.That is why it is crucial to plan your activities and organize your schedule to the best of your abilities, so you don’t get overrun by the amount of work.It is important not just to organize your work schedule, but you should also try to fit some side activities as well, in order for you not to get insane.Everyone needs to vent from time to time, so that is why having side activities matters a lot.Take a walk, have fun with your friends, go for a couple of drinks, enjoy yourself and every job will become much easier.6. Analytical SkillsAs previously mentioned, there are a lot of laws, and with that comes a large number of information which you will get from all sides.Some of the information may or may not be useful to both you and your clients, so that is why you, as a successful lawyer, need to be able to distinguish what is important and what is not.To be able to do it, you need to have excellent analytical skills. It is crucial to find the information you need for a certain case, because it may turn the tide in your favor and then, combined with the skills we previously mentioned, such as confidence and communication skill that can lead to you winning the case for your clients.7. Being Able to Work Under PressureBecause of all the previous things we had already mentioned, to work as a lawyer means being able to handle a lot of stuff simultaneously.That itself can cause a lot of stress and pressure.Hence, in order for you to be a lawyer, it is very important to be a stable person who can cope with all that pressure.There are a lot of deadlines and hard cases, which could sometimes be risky if you are dealing with the wr ong type of people.All of that brings a lot of pressure, so being a lawyer is not a job for fainthearted.You should never allow yourself to lose the grip, especially not in front of other people, because it could hurt your case and reputation.You should always be as calm and as confident as possible, so your clients could feel a lot safer when you are around.In order for you to get the feeling of what it takes to become a lawyer, look at this video made by Georgie Stevenson, who shared how her life as a law student and later law graduate was. FINAL WORDNow that we have come to the end of our presentation, you probably have a wider picture of what it takes to become a successful lawyer.Now you understand that it is not an easy process, in fact, it is very hard and requires a lot of hard work and persistence.But if you are in love with the subject, nothing is too hard to learn or work, because when you love what you do, you feel happy, even if it is a work like this, which adds a lot of pressure and is very time-consuming.So, even after reading all of this, you still want to become a lawyer, and then nothing should stop you on that path, because it means you do not quit so easily and being a fighter is what you are.Then go ahead and live your dream!

Apartheid in South Africa Essay - 2560 Words

Origins of Apartheid In the seventeenth century, South Africa was colonized by Dutch and British imperialists. In response to British domination, Dutch settlers made two colonies: The Republic of the Orange Free State and Transvaal. Dutch descendants became known as â€Å"Afrikaners† or â€Å"Boers.† In the early 1900s, Boers discovered diamonds on their land. This led to a Britain invasion and sparked the Second Boer War, which lasted three years. This was the first modern war to see concentration camps; they were used successfully to break the will of Afrikaner guerilla forces by detaining their families. British forces won the war, converting the two Boer states into colonies who were promised limited self-governance. Post-Boer War, the†¦show more content†¦This created â€Å"white only† areas. If a nonwhite wanted to enter one of these locations, one would have to carry their â€Å"pass book† which only gave them limited access. In 1951, the Bantu Authoriti es Act was implemented which would later be used to further suppress ethnic groups. It created â€Å"homelands† or states for each ethnic group. This had the effect of diverting the majority’s political rights (such as voting, political participation, etc.) away from the National Party and toward their homeland. In 1970, the Bantu Homelands Citizens Act augmented the Bantu Authorities Act. Empowered with this legislation, from 1976 to 1981, more than nine million South African citizens lost their nationality, becoming citizens of their respective Bantustan. They became aliens in their own country for nearly thirty years. History of the African National Congress The African National Congress (ANC) was founded in 1912 as a means to protect the rights of black persons. Through this party, a Programme of Action (1949) was born where protests and strikes were organized. This Programme evolved in 1952 with the launch of the Defiance Campaign. At this point, the ANCs goal was â€Å". . . the liberation of the black majority and to equality before the law for all South Africans† (Walshe, 541). Some of the methods implemented may have been inspired by Gandhi’s actions as the ANC used similar methods as him (e.g., peaceful protest), and they beganShow MoreRelatedThe Apartheid Of South Africa1174 Words   |  5 PagesSome periods in human history are simply shameful. The period of apartheid policy in South Africa was one of these times. Apartheid featured a rebirth of racist legislature in South Africa from the 1950s to the 1990s. Essentially, these laws treated people who were not white as completely separate from society; the t erm apartheid literally means â€Å"apartness.† The national legislature in South Africa wanted to suppress blacks and ensure a white supremacy in the government. Basically, politicalRead MoreSouth Africa Apartheid And Oppression1695 Words   |  7 Pages South Africa Apartheid (oppression) Oppression is at the root of many of the most serious, enduring conflicts in the world today. Racial and religious conflicts; conflicts between dictatorial governments and their citizens; the battle between the sexes; conflicts between management and labor; and conflicts between heterosexuals and homosexuals all stem, in whole or in part, to oppression. It’s similar to an article in south africa that people have with racial segregationRead MoreApartheid and The Future of South Africa in Cry, The Beloved Country1044 Words   |  5 Pagesall characters from Alan Paton’s book, Cry, The Beloved Country, are used to share Paton’s points of view on the future of South Africa and the apartheid. Paton uses these characters to represent specific views; Arthur expresses clearly that the apartheid isn’t the right way to progress as a country, Napoleon exemplifies how Paton thinks people should take the anti-apartheid effort, and Msimangu explicitly expresses Patonâ €™s ideas of an ideal leader. Arthur Jarvis was the son of James Jarvis, anRead MoreEssay on South Africa Under Apartheid: A Totalitarian State1356 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Apartheid Era, there emerged from South Africa cases of gross human rights abuse, racism, police brutality and general mistreatment of the non-white population. Excluding the fact that South Africa was never ruled by a dictator, it can be argued that some of these features were totalitarian and that South Africa was, to a certain extent, a totalitarian state under Apartheid. This discussion will analyse the totalitarian features that were apparent during Apartheid, and will be structuredRead MoreTo What Extent Did The Collapse Of Apartheid South Africa ( 1991 ) Really Bring About Change For The Bantu Population1458 Words   |  6 PagesTo what extent did the collapse of Apartheid in South Africa (1991) really bring about change for the Bantu population? The collapse of Apartheid in South Africa (1991) brought only a small amount of change for the Bantu population. South still faces racism in society, due to the continual domination by the â€Å"white† population with race interaction limited to the false â€Å"rainbow† television campaigns and promotional Africa strategies. At the close of Apartheid, a number of false statements were usedRead MoreHow and why did the apartheid system come into existence in South Africa and how was its existence maintained and enforced for so long?1593 Words   |  7 PagesThe term apartheid was one of the most politically charged words in the second half of the 20th century, and still remains notorious today. Apartheid translated from Afrikaans means separateness or apartness. However when the National Party came to power in South Africa in 1948, it took on a much more sinister meaning and today is associated with racial and ethnic discrimination. The roots of apartheid stem deep into South African history. It started way back during European settlement, andRead MoreApartheid in South Africa1118 Words   |  5 PagesApartheid In South Africa APARTHEID Apartheid is the political policy of racial segregation. In Afrikaans, it means apartness, and it was pioneered in 1948 by the South African National Party when it came to power. Not only did apartheid separate whites from non-whites, it also segregated the Blacks (Africans) from the Coloureds (Indians, Asians). All things such as jobs, schools, railway stations, beaches, park benches, public toilets and even parliament. Apartheid alsoRead MoreThe Apartheid Of South Africa1159 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the year of 1948, the lives of south Africans changed forever. The National Party, which was an all-white government, gained power and created hell for non-white citizens, their goal was to have white people continue to dominate the country and to keep each race separated from each other; even though at the time whites were only 20% of the population. The apartheid, which literally means â€Å"apartness† lasted until 1991, and during this time many acts were passed. One being that â€Å"non-white AfricansRead MoreThe Apartheid Of South Africa Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesNelson Mandela and protesters during South Africa s journey away from apartheid. It’s a curious ponder, in fact, that America’s and South Africa’s ascents from racial discrimination were possibly involved with each other. However, while the world may be convinced the nation is out of racist dep ths, evidence displays the rise from discrimination in South Africa is undeniably incomplete. There is a dangerous and unresolved influence of apartheid in South Africa today. After World War 2 was won byRead MoreThe Apartheid Of South Africa1333 Words   |  6 Pageshistory of South Africa all we could see is racial discrimination. Africa was all in control of Whites till 1994. South Africa got free from racial discrimination when Nelson Mandela took a step became the first black prime minister of South Africa. Contemporary South Africa is now economically strong and it is completely a racial free state. The contemporary South Africa is now in race with every state in every field. Before 1994 South Africa was completely under control of Apartheid. WHO IS APARTHEID

Kate Chopin s The Story Of An Hour And A Doll House

Long before the 20th century women were not as respected as today. Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and â€Å"A Doll House,† written by Henrik Ibsen, are two perfect examples of what can happen when one tires to cadge a kindred spirit. Both women are faced with some hard times and are forced to look within themselves to figure out the true meaning of a fulfilled life. While the two come to this decision in different ways and also meet different fates, they realize they are more than just a doll or a pet to society, and choose a life of freedom over everything and anything else. In â€Å"A Doll House† Chopin’s character, Nora Helmer, is a woman with a rare mindset. Helmer believes her actions throughout the play were noble because she acted out of love, but when her husband finds out the lies she told Helmer’s biggest fear of her husband leaving her comes true; and she loses her husband, also like the character in â€Å"The Story of an Hour†. As the writers for Enotes support, when Helmer’s husband recounts his actions trying to reconcile with her and attempts to come back into her life (like Mallard’s husband as well), she realizes her husband is actually â€Å"a selfish, pretentious hypocrite with no regard for her position in the matter† (1), she also becomes aware that â€Å"she is not a doll to flatter Torvald’s selfish vanity† (1). In the play Helmer tries to explain to her husband how she feels by stating â€Å"[n]ow when I look back, it seems as if I’d lived here like a beggar- ju st from handShow MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House1563 Words   |  7 Pages In the play, A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen, the title itself symbolizes the dependent and degraded role of the wife within traditional marriages. Ibsen portrayed the generous nature root into women by society, as well as the significant action of this nature, and lastly the need for them to find their own voice in a world ruled by men. Ibsen wrote this play in 1879, this is the era where women were obedient to men, tend the children until their husband came home, and stood by the Cult of DomesticityRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin955 Words   |  4 PagesThe story of an hour by Kate Chopin provides many examples of â€Å"inside† and â€Å"outside†. My first impression I get of Mrs. Mallard when she is told that her husband has been killed in a train accident was normal. Mrs. Mallard had just found out that she lost her spouse and she grieves which is normal in such a situation. But the thing that obstructed my impression of her was when she went to her room. She started to stare out the open window and came to the sudden realization that she was free. â€Å"WhenRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin And Daystar By Rita Dove872 Words   |  4 PagesIn the poem the story of an hour by Kate Chopin and Daystar by Rita dove the both attempt overcome their obsession by finding an outlet. Involved toned to warming I m trying to find something to do or something to watch to comfort them. Both woman wanted freedom. Freedom to be themselves. This theme can apply to many women of there time.Woman did not really have much power or say in anything that went on. Women where really the ones that stayed at home. They took care of the family and tendRead MoreFreedom Versus Confinement By Henrik Chopin1524 Words   |  7 Pageshappened in the house or how things were to be done that was the husband’s job. The man was obligated to get married, take care of his wife and household (money wise). The men were typically more free then the women. But true freedom is being able to live for yourself and do what you wanted to how you wanted to do it. Neither were truly free. During this time period, many writers and poets would using poems and stories to discuss these issues. Writer Henrik Ibsen and poet Kate Chopin are perfect examples

Collins and Yeskel Free Essays

Rising personal debt is one of the consequences of growing inequality. Over 60 percent of americans carry a personal debt every month and the average family is said to cary a nine thousand dollar debt. The reading talked about how people are now using credit cards to pay for things like groceries and gas, something we would of paid for in cash on the regular in the past. We will write a custom essay sample on Collins and Yeskel or any similar topic only for you Order Now I find this very dangerous. The main reason i find this dangerous is because having to buy groceries and gas on credit probably means you don’t feel you have the money at the given time to actually pay for it. This means a person is living pay check to pay check and has little to no money to put in savings which could hurt in the future. I feel this is primarily dangerous for middle to low income households. If one of these households are buying food and gas on credit and cant afford to put money in savings and they happen to fall on a hard time they will put themselves into further debt and cause family issues. Suburbanization of america was driven by the government and contributed disparities of wealth between whites and blacks by creating areas between the 1930’s-1960’s that were categorized by zones where certain people could live. On maps areas were broken down by color to determine the most desirable places to live. Green was a desirable area where it was predominately white and red was an undesirable place to live where it was mostly black, mixed race, or other races. The FHA would give loans based off of this data based off of who applied for them and also loans interest rates would be adjusted accordingly in the same fashion. Today we see that older generations properties in these suburban areas are starting to mix racially since this older style of suburbanization has been outlawed. Over time the larger interest rates and zoning has created problems between different ethnic groups and not areas are becoming more diverse. How to cite Collins and Yeskel, Papers

Speech Perception Essays (2326 words) - Phonetics, Speech Perception

Speech Perception Speech Perception Speech perception is the ability to comprehend speech through listening. Mankind is constantly being bombarded by acoustical energy. The challenge to humanity is to translate this energy into meaningful data. Speech perception is not dependent on the extraction of simple invariant acoustic patterns in the speech waveform. The sounds acoustic pattern is complex and greatly varies. It is dependent upon the preceding and following sounds (Moore, 1997). According to Fant (1973), speech perception is a process consisting of both successive and concurrent identification on a series of progressively more abstract levels of linguistic structure. Nature of Speech Sounds Phonemes are the smallest unit of sound. In any given language words are formed by combining these phonemes. English has approximately 40 different phonemes that are defined in terms of what is perceived, rather than in terms of acoustic patterns. Phonemes are abstract, subjective entities that are often specified in terms of how they are produced. Alone they have no meaning, but in combination they form words (Moore, 1997). In speech there are vowels and consonants. Consonants are produced by constricting the vocal tract at some point along its length. These sounds are classified into different types according to the degree and nature of the constriction. The types are stops, affricates, fricatives, nasals, and approximants. Vowels are usually voiced and are relatively stable over time Moore, 1997). Categorical Perception Categorical perception implies definite identification of the stimuli. The main point in this area is that the listener can only correctly distinguish speech sounds to the extent that they are identified as different phonemes. Small changes to the acoustical signal may make little difference to the way the sound is perceived, yet other changes which are equally as small may produce a distinct change, altering the phoneme identity. People do not hear changes within one phoneme category. Only changes from one phoneme to another phoneme are detected (Lobacz, 1984). Although categorical perception generally is considered to reflect the operation of a special speech decoder, there is a strong indication that categorical perception can also occur in non-speech signals. Musicians are a good example of this. The discrimination performance of musicians was better for frequency changes that revised the identity of the chord than for changes that did not alter the identity (Moore, 1997). Categorical perception is not unique to speech, however it appears more frequently with speech than with non-speech signals. There are three possible explanations for categorical perception. The first explanation suggests that consonants and vowels may be explained in terms of differences in the extent to which the acoustic patterns can be retained in auditory memory. Consonant sounds have a lower intensity than vowels, fluctuate more rapidly, and last for a shorter time than vowels. Therefore, the acoustic patterns of consonants frequently decay rapidly. Another explanation is that boundaries, which separate one speech sound from another, tend to lie at a point where discrimination is optimal. The last explanation is that it comes from experience with a persons own language. In this explanation it is believed that a person learns to attend to acoustic differences that affect the meaning of a word and ignore the differences that do not affect the meaning. The natural consequence of this is categorical perception (Moore, 1997). Brain Specialization Language functions are unilaterally represented in one of the two hemispheres. It is most commonly found in the left hemisphere. Therefore, the right ear will identify speech stimuli better than the left ear. This occurs because the neural pathways cross from the ear to the brain (Studdert-Kennedy and Shankweiler, 1970). Interestingly, the left ear will detect melodies better than the right ear. Speech is more readily decoded in the left hemisphere than in the right cerebral hemisphere. This is evident in people with brain lesions. The left hemisphere plays a primary role in speech perception (Moore, 1997). Speech Mode Speech mode is the perception of the restructured phonemes. If phonemes are encoded syllabically, they must be recovered in perception by a suitable decoder. Liberman (1996) stated that perception of phonemes that have been encoded may be expected to differ from the perception of the phonemes that have not been encoded and from non-speech. For example, the transition cues for /d/ in /di/ and

The Fundamentals of Islam

The Fundamentals of Islam Free Online Research Papers Radical Islamism has clearly been on the rise in recent years, and is even more noticeable with the recent attacks and threats to Untied States soil. What has led to this radical type of lifestyle, or thinking? Well, there are many reasons for it, but let briefly ponder the following statement. â€Å"There was also a movement from viewing all things European as Christian and, therefore, forbidden, and toward viewing technological progress and even constitutional forms of government and concepts such as separation of religion and state as separate from faith (Waines, 2001).† This is part of the thought process that has led to the rise of radical Islamism. The thought that progress in government, industry and technology are â€Å"forbidden† to the people of Islam, because it had come from Christians. To me this thought process is similar to Nazi-ism. The German public was showered with rhetoric from Hitler and his supporters that led them to believe that the Jewish people were responsible for their economic burdens. This is different in many ways, but I feel that the similarities are plentiful and frightening. Throughout the rest of this paper I will summarize the rise of radical Islamism from modernization and dependency. I will also demonstrate possible strategies for Islam regress from this type of thinking. Theorists, philosophers and many other feel that the rise of radical Islamism can be attributed to dependency and modernization. I do not agree with them but in the slightest extent, and I will further elucidate my thoughts. As states in my introduction, I feel that radical Islamism is eerily similar to Nazi-ism. The Nazi regime was founded on propaganda and rhetoric that was used almost as psychological warfare on Germanys own citizens. Just as the German public was pounded with anti-Jewish propaganda the Islamic people are pounded with the anti-Christianity propaganda. Islamic leaders have used changes in society and culture to fuel this hatred and adapt the propaganda they utilize to spread this hatred of Christianity. For example, I feel that they have definitely used the theories of dependency and modernization to further their rhetoric against Christianity, however I do not feel that dependency and modernization themselves have had that dramatic of effect on the Islamic people. These changes in society and culture are not the reasons for terrorism and suicide bombings; it is the teachings of their radical leaders that lead them down these extreme paths. The economic life of Islam is very simple. It is based upon solid foundations and Divine instructions. Earning ones living through decent labor is not only a duty but a great virtue as well. Dependence of any able effortless person on somebody else for a livelihood is a religious sin, a social stigma and disgraceful humility. A Muslim is enjoined by God to be self-supporting and to stay away from being a liability on anybody. Islam respects all kinds of work for earning one’s livelihood so long as there is no indecency or wrong involved. With a clear conscience and due respect from society the Muslim can roll up his sleeves and undertake any kind of work available to provide for himself and his dependents. Prophet Muhammad is reported as having said that it is far better for one even to take his rope, cut wood, pile it up and sell it in order to eat and give charity than to beg others whether they give him or not. According to Islam, the status of honest working men cannot be lowered on account of the kind of work they are doing for a living. Yet the laboring workers have no limited scope for improving their lots and raising their standards as high as possible. They have equal opportunities at their disposal and enjoy freedom of enterprise. To me, it does not sound like modernization or dependency should have caused these people to take up arms and start blowing up national landmarks. Whatever the individual makes or earns through lawful means is his private possession, which neither the State nor anybody else can justifiably claim. In return for this right of private possession he has only to fulfill certain obligations to the society and pay certain taxes to the State. When this is done, he has full rights to protection by the State, and his freedom of enterprise is secure and guaranteed. Under the Islamic system the menace of capitalism or communism never arises. The enterprising individual is responsible for the prosperity of the State, and the State in turn is responsible. The reason that Islamism turned radical was from the radical teachings of certain Islamic leaders. These leaders used political rhetoric and social propaganda to fuel their anti-Christian teachings and spread their extreme beliefs. They convinced their people that Christianity and Democracy were evil and capitalist. That Allah would want them to use whatever means necessary to stop the spread of this type of structure from poisoning their society. This is why we see radical Islamism. I must say, it does seem like a modern form of Nazi-ism. However, not that I have examined where I think these problems root from, let me briefly examine how I think moderate Islamic leaders can bring an end to these extreme followings. Traditional Islam is a very simple way of life, and that is what these leaders need to bring to the forefront. The moderate teachers and leaders need to put themselves out in the public and stress the teachings of Muhammad and the traditional Islam religion. They need to show them that all of this violence contradicts these teachings and the beliefs that their religion is founded on. Stress to the people of Islam that they need to find their traditional roots once again. Suggest to them that they need to get back to the basics. The fundamentals of Islam are not about terrorism or political gain. They can even take it one step further and tell them that their current actions mirror that of the capitalists. Islam is not about making political statements and random acts of violence. Islam is a simple way of life based on the five pillars that I will describe below: The shahadah, which is the basic creed or tenet of Islam: aÃ… ¡hadu al-lÄ  ilÄ ha illÄ -llÄ hu wa aÃ… ¡hadu anna muÄ §ammadan rasÃ… «lu-llÄ h, or I testify that there is none worthy of worship except God and I testify that Muhammad is the Messenger of God. This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam. Muslims must repeat the shahadah in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed. Salah, or ritual prayer, which must be performed five times a day. Each salah is done facing towards the Kaaba in Mecca. Salah is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. Salah is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. In many Muslim countries, reminders called Adhan (call to prayer) are broadcast publicly from local mosques at the appropriate times. The prayers are recited in the Arabic language, and consist of verses from the Quran Zakat, or alms-giving. This is the practice of giving based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all Muslims who can afford it. A fixed portion is spent to help the poor or needy, and also to assist the spread of Islam. The zakat is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a trust from Gods bounty. The Quran and the hadith also suggest a Muslim give even more as an act of voluntary alms-giving (sadaqah). Sawm, or fasting during the month of Ramadan. Muslims must not eat or drink (among other things) from dawn to dusk during this month, and must be mindful of other sins. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. Sawm is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly. Some Muslim groups do not fast during Ramadan, and instead have fasts different times of the year. The Hajj, which is the pilgrimage during the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the city of Mecca. Every able-bodied Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. When the pilgrim is about ten kilometers from Mecca, he must dress in Ihram clothing, which consists of two white seamless sheets. Rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the Kaaba, touching the Black Stone, running seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah, and symbolically stoning the Devil in Mina. The pilgrim, or the hajji, is honored in his or her community, although Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God instead of a means to gain social standing. These are the fundamentals of the traditional Islam religion and way of life. If I were to give any advice to the leaders and teachers that can make a difference and try to bring and end to radical Islamism, it would be to bring these fundamental teaching back to the forefront. It is what Islam was founded on, and it will show them that their current path is wrong. This is a lot easier said then done, but I feel that this would be the most effective method to utilize. Research Papers on The Fundamentals of IslamBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeQuebec and CanadaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBringing Democracy to AfricaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andHip-Hop is ArtPETSTEL analysis of India

How to Determine Which Marketing Tools Are Best For Your Team

How to Determine Which Marketing Tools Are Best For Your Team Picture this. Youre at your desk. Suddenly you realize theres got to be a better, faster way to accomplish your marketing goals, whether that be with a keyword, social media scheduling, project management, or email marketing tool. So you turn to the almighty Google And youre flooded by thousands of options, you cant seem to make sense of where to start. There are offers for trials everywhere, coupled with insane amounts of advice and you havent even figured out exactly what your team needs let alone looking at how much this tool is vs another *Insert panic screaming here* Breathe, you got this. And if you dont, well, this blog post will help get you through. Youll learn how to: Prioritize your teams needs. Learn the criteria you need to make the best decision when it comes to finding a marketing tool for your team. Learn how to pitch your winning tool to your boss. Learn how to pitch your winning tool to your team. Before You Start Your Research Dont just start Googling. Trust me. Diving right into the research phase of your marketing tool selection process can quickly become overwhelming. Just look at the first page of results when you type marketing tool into Google. Dont even get me started on the ads that will surface on your Google searches as well. Youve got advice coming at you left and right, and while that is great, it doesnt necessarily give you the jumping off point you need to start making decisions about a potential tool. There is a way to fix this. Before you start your research, sit down and prioritize what your team needs in order to be successful. Before you start researching marketing tools, sit down prioritize what your team needs to beIts really that simple. By knowing what your team needs to fix a broken process, or automate it so it goes faster, youre able to walk into your search knowing what youre looking for. So how do you create that list? Open a document or download Marketing Tool template. Once you've downloaded the template, click the second tab at the bottom: Here's what you'll see next: Begin to write down and prioritize what you think your team would need to be successful. And now you're staring at a blinking cursor wondering what to write. Here are some prompts that may help you begin your list: What does your team need to accomplish in order to be successful? What does your team want to accomplish that they think will make them successful? What's currently broken in your marketing process that you think a tool could help fix? What does your current process look like? What does your dream marketing process look like? How would you like to see your process flow in a new tool? Where are your team members divided into silos? What does this tool need to accomplish to break down those silos? From the answers you write down, you can identify what qualities you are looking for in a marketing tool. List Your Top 10 Must-Have Criteria These are features that absolutely must be a part of the tool that you select. They are you non-negotiables. Your top ten list could include things like. Drag and drop calendar features Social analytics tool Task lists Being able to assign tasks to team members Team reports Email integrations Project management features like being able to group by content type Being able to add in all of your social channels Landing page integrations WordPress or other blogging software integrations Automated task reminders Comment section on projects Being able to group multiple pieces of content under one campaign Minimum or maximum number of users Price per user/social channel I could keep going with this list but I don't want to bore you. Your list may look a bit different from the one above and that's okay. Every marketing team is different, which means the end goals you have may be different then the end goals the team at has. Now you have your must have criteria. You can start searching NOW right? Not quite. Sorry, I promise, we're almost there. List Your Top Ten "Would Be Nice To Have" Criteria Why? Because you're going to be researching a lot of tools. Those nice-to-haves could be the determining factor between one tool and another. Your initial list could look something like this. Automated optimum posting times Due dates that move automatically when you move a project Completion bar that shows the progress on a project Internal comment or chat system within the app Mobile app for on the go editing Approval process that let's a manager know if content has been reviewed or not Pre-made printable progress reports Social Media competitor analysis Google Analytics, bit.ly and other integrations The ability to separate different clients or projects by calendar Again, your specific list will depend on what type of tool you're looking for. Recommended Reading: How to Be More Successful With the Right Content Marketing Tools Start Your Initial Research Phase Yes, we finally got to the research phase. But I'm not unleashing you on to Google just yet. There's a good reason I promise. How you research is just as important as what you research. How you research your marketing tools is just as important as what you research them for.Pick One Researcher From Your Marketing Team Having only one researcher pays off for a number of different reasons: We have innate nature to compete with one another.  If you have 10 people researching 10 different tools, you suddenly have ten people championing their favorite tool. Not only is that a lot of noise, you have each person competing to say that they were the ones that picked the new marketing tool. You only need one expert.  The person that is conducting your research knows exactly what your team needs. They in essence, become an expert in all things marketing tools, making it easier to make an informed decision. You don't want to waste the team's already limited time.  You know you're team is busy. Taking away an hour of 10 people's time on your team is 10 hours that could have been spent elsewhere. Taking away even 3 hours of one person's time is a much more manageable task.Your team is already loaded to the max. Don't stress them out more then necessary. Research Your Top Ten Tools Okay, open up your browser. You can finally start searching for your marketing tool. You're going to have a lot of options and that's ok. That's why we made your checklist. As you go through the endless pages of tools, document them in your top ten in your spreadsheet that you downloaded earlier. Get that done? Ok, let's keep going. Add up the totals in your spreadsheet and narrow them down to your top three. Look for tools that: Meet your must-have criteria Meet your budget Meet most if not all of your must have's Why three you ask? Understand the Psychology of Three First, Second, and Third. Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Yours, mine and ours. Lots of things come in threes. Why? Because repeating a message three times helps stop the internal noise and distractions going on around you. Having three similar tools that meet your expectations will help solidify, in your mind, what tool you need. Choosing new marketing tools? Here's why you should narrow your choices down to three:Make Your Final Decision So you've narrowed in down to your top three tools. Check your point system again. Did one edge out over the others? If so, there is your winner. That was easy, wasn't it? Recommended Reading: How to Influence Marketing Change Management [Backed By Science] How To Pitch Your Favorite Tool You did all that work and you finally have the results of all your labor. This is the tool  that you believe will revolutionize the way your marketing team works. Now you just have to convince your boss to believe that too. What if I told you I outlined your entire presentation for you? You can download the whole thing right now. However, if you want to take the time to build your own presentation here's some things that you're going to want to cover. What To Cover In Your Presentation For Your Boss Depending on what your boss wants to see in your presentation, your list may vary. However, if it was me, this is what I would cover. What brought on the need for the tool? What did I hope the team would gain by investing in a tool? What qualifications would I be measuring this tool against? How many tools did I initially research? What did I narrow my decision down to? What qualities put this tool over the top? Price point Is there a demo or trail period that we could do to see if the tool works? You convinced your boss. They gave you the green light to move forward. Now the task lies on you convincing your team that they need this tool.

Scheduling apps impact on public transportation Essay

Scheduling apps impact on public transportation - Essay Example In order to bring about sanity in the transport industry, a number of applications were brought forward as a means of enhancing efficiency in the sector and improving service delivery to the customers. Some of the applications include Uber, Lyft, and Sidecar. The recent surge in scheduling apps has had a major impact on the taxi industry with benefits for the consumer; however, the applications seem to threaten the status quo of the for-hire transportation business. Based on such a perspective, this paper discusses the various attributes of the apps in the taxi industry, considering both the benefits and the threats to the different players in the industry. Since the emergence of new entrants into the industry such as Uber, Lyft, and Sidecar, there has been significant changes, especially on the structural aspects, which still operated on the mentality used decades ago (Yue, 2014). Previously, any person in need of the taxi or car services had to wait physically at one of the city streets or call on one of the taxi or car services, which would take long before making arrival. Such inconveniences significantly affected the operations of the industry, an aspect that would only be rectified by the use of new apps. As such, the different apps including Uber, Lyft, and Sidecar, made it easy for customers to use their smartphones in securing taxi and car services from any particular location. Such has significantly improved service delivery and efficiency of operation, especially for customers. However, on a different perspective, the technological changes in the transport industry have threatened some players in the industry, most especiall y those who benefited from the old infrastructural operations in the industry (Stephanidis, 2013). The scheduling apps in the transport industry with the entry of players such as Uber, Lyft, and Sidecar have had a substantive impact in the industry

Intellectual Property Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intellectual Property Law - Research Paper Example With mounting pressures by judicial criticism, intellectual property was regulated under common law and the Statute of Monopolies enacted in 1623 rendered illegal all monopolies except those for a defined term of years; this forms the basis of modern patent law (World Intellectual Property Organization, p.1). The exact origin of intellectual property law is still unknown. However, it is a fact that, terms like intellectual property was used during the initial half of seventeenth century in Britain. The history of intellectual property rights in the modern era started in Germany in 1867. North German Confederation is believed to be the first country which formulated intellectual property laws in the modern era. â€Å"The North German Confederation first used the term â€Å"intellectual property† in 1867, providing for legislative protection in its constitution†(Furst). Since then, intellectual laws evolved in different forms at different parts of the world. Different cou ntries have different types of intellectual property laws. ... Copyright is a form of protection provided to the authors of â€Å"original works† and includes such things as literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual creations, both published and unpublished. Copyright does not protect ideas. It only protects the specific and original expression of the idea (Pipers) For example, Windows is the operating system developed by Microsoft. It should be noted that plenty of people, including Bill Gates, worked on the development of Windows operating system. This product is protected with the help of copyright laws. It is illegal to use pirated copies of Windows on computers. Even in China, Microsoft succeeded in winning some cases with respect to copyright violation of its products. â€Å"A local court in Shanghai ruled that Dazhong Insurance must pay Microsoft 2.17 million yuan ($317,900) as compensation for using pirated Microsoft software, NetEase.com reported†(Stan) â€Å"Patents are used to protect new pro duct, process, apparatus, and uses providing the invention is not obvious in light of what has been done before† (European Generic medicines Association). It should be noted that new products are developed only because of the huge efforts undertaken by somebody. Once a new product is developed, it is easy for others to copy it. In other words, leaders and followers are in the market. Leaders always generate new ideas and innovate new products whereas followers try to copy those ideas and innovations. In order to avoid such illegal copying, all new products and services developed by somebody can be protected with the help of patent laws. Patent rights are usually given only for a particular period of time. The owner of a patented product should disclose the innovation to the

Jim Morrison; From Boy To Legend Essay example -- essays research pape

Jim Morrison; From Boy to Legend "hope is just a word when you think in Table Cloths Laughter will not end her funny feeling or assuage our strange desire Children will be born" Jim Morrison Jim Morrison is often thought of as a drunk musician. He is also portrayed to many as an addict and another 'doped up' rock star. These negative opinions project a large shadow on the many positive aspects of this great poet. Jim's music was influenced heavily by many famous authors. You must cast aside your ignorance and look behind the loud electric haze of the sixties music. You must wipe your eyes and look through the psychedelic world of LSD. Standing behind these minor flaws, you will see a young and very intellectual poet named Jim Morrison. Jim Morrison's distraught childhood was a contributing factor to Jim's fortune and his fate. As a young child, Jim experienced the many pains of living in a military family. Having to move every so often, Jim and his brother, and sister never spent more than a couple of years at a particular school. Jim attended eight different schools, grammar and high, throughout his schooling career. This amount of traveling made it hard for a young child to make many friends. In high school, Jim had an especially hard time. The only real friend he made was a tall but overweight classmate with a sleepy voice named Fud Ford. Although there seems to be many negative aspects of Jim's child hood, many positive did arise. The traveling done by the Morrison family brought Jim through may different experiences and situations. For instance, while driving on a highway from Santa Fe with his family, he said he experienced the most important moment of his life. The Morrisons came upon an overturned truck of dying Pueblo Indians. This moment influenced Jim and later beca... ...e. His notebooks and intellect are now the basis of the Doors and the fortelling of his death. All of the past are now part of the present and the songs all come from the same root. Jim's adoption of Aldous Huxley's, Doors of Perception, was now his number one motto. The drugs taken were only to help open these many doors in his mind. Although his mind seemed lost in the infinite drug world of the unknown, Jim Morrison was the "American Poet." His crave for knowledge was driven by his wondrous mind and only used drugs, not as an exit , but rather as an entrance. The world of Jim Morrison is not well known by many. Most see an alcoholic, others see an addict, and yet more see a deranged waste of a person. But for those who take the time to care, those who take the time to learn and understand will find out that behind the "American Poet," was a young genius. "This is the end, beautiful friend, This is the end, my only friend, the end, of our elaborate plans, the end, no safety or surprise, I'll never look into your eyes again... Jim Morrison

Feminist Literary Criticism in English Literature Essay

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to express Feminist Literary Criticism in English Literature, as critical analysis of literary works based on feminist perspective, as well as to uncover the latent dynamics in a novel relevant to women’s interior role in society. Feminist Literary Criticism rejects patriarchal norms in literature that privileges masculine ways of thinking and marginalizes women politically, economically and psychologically. Key words: Women, feminist literary criticism, novel, patriarchy, literature. INTRODUCTION ‘As a social movement, feminist criticism highlights the various ways women in particular have been oppressed, suppressed and repressed†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Bressler 185) One of the most potent aspects of feminist literary criticism is to uncover the latent dynamics in a novel relevant to women’s inferior role in society. Feminist Literary Criticism is the critical analysis of literary works based on feminist perspective. In particular, feminist literary critics tend to reject the patriarchal norms of literature, which privileges masculine ways of thinking/points of view and marginalizes women politically, economically and psychologically. Modern Feminist Literary critics had its roots in the past-World War II, feminist movement that spilled over into the intellectual circles of America’s colleges and universities. However, the true origins of the movement can be traced as far back as the late 18th century with Mary Wollstonecraft’s: ‘A vindication of the rights of women† (1792). Feminist Literary Criticism is informed by feminist theory or by the politics of feminism more broadly. Its history has been broad and varied, from classic works of 19th century women authors such as George Eliot and Margaret Fuller to cutting 1 Sanja Dalton, predavaÄ , Visoka tehniÄ ka Ã… ¡kola strukovnih studija iz UroÃ… ¡evca, sa privremenim sediÃ… ¡tem u ZveÄ anu, E_mail: sanja_durlevic@yahoo.com Feminist literary criticism in english literature 173 edge theoretical work in women’s studies and gender studies by â€Å"third wave† authors. In the most general and simple terms, Feminist Literary Criticism before the 1970sin the first and second wave of feminism was concerned with the politics of women’s authorship and the representation of women’s condition within literature. Since the development of more complex conceptions of gender and subjectivity and third-wave feminism, feminist literary criticism has taken a variety of new routes, namely in the tradition of the Frankfurt School’s critical theory. It has considered gender in the terms of Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalysis, as part of deconstruction of existing relations of power. Feminist Literary Criticism concern with the representation and politics of women’s lives has continued to play an active role in criticism. HOW DOES FEMINIST LITERARY CRITICISM APPLY TO â€Å"PRIDE AND PREJUDICE† by Jane Austen Central to the diverse aims and methods of feminist criticism on ‘Pride and Prejudice’ are focused on patriarchy, the rule of society and culture by men. There was a popular question: ‘Are not †¦women and men equal in all respects? Feminists’ studies, feminist theorists, and feminist critics all answered in one accord: ‘No!’ (Bressler 167). This question and vehement reply from Bressler’s text emphasizes a gender difference between men and women; one example of this can easily be seen in Pride and Prejudice through the manner of entitlements in the novel. Patriarchy can be seen in Jane Austen’s novel in the form of existing system of entailment. Entailment in Pride and Prejudice, the restriction of future ownership of real-estate to particular descendants, is limited solely to male heirs. As Mr Bennet has no male children, his estate will be entailed to Mr Collins as opposed to his own daughters. There is a part in the novel that demonstrates the above stated: ‘Oh my God’ crie[s] his wife†¦, ‘I do think it is hardest thing in the World, that your estate should be entailed away from your own children†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Austen 45). With the imposition of entitlement in Austen’s novel comes a pressure for women to marry and search for a husband to attain a better life. This is the case with Charlotte Lucas; ‘accepted [Mr Collins] solely from the pure and disinterested desire of an establishment, cared not how soon that establishment were gained’ (Austen, 91). In writing that, Charlotte Lucas married for sake of a future in a male dominant society where the future would not be possible otherwise. Austen can be seen to be criticizing the role of the female in the setting of Pride and Prejudice. As Charlotte goes on to say to Elizabeth in regard to her marriage with Mr Collins, ‘†¦I hope you will be satisfied with what I have done. I am not romantic you know. I never was. I ask only for comfortable home; and considering Mr Collins character, connections, and situations in life, I am convinced that my chance of happiness with him is as fair as most people can boast on entering the marr iage state’. (Austen 93) This further demonstrates the point that Charlotte in a male dominant society, felt compelled to marry in order to secure her own future. As one of the most significant development in literary studies in the second half of the 20th century, feminist literary criticism advocates equal rights for all women (indeed, all peoples) in all areas of life: socially, politically, professionally, personally, economically, aesthetically, and psychologically. Feminist literary criticism advocates equal rights for women, so it would be opt to pay attention to an occasion in which Elizabeth Bennet claims equally with another upper class man, Mr Darcy. Again in the same quarrel with Lady Catherine de Burgh, Miss Bennet claims: â€Å"I am marrying your nephew, I should not consider myself as quitting that sphere [in which I have been brought up]. He is a gentleman; I am a gentleman’s daughter; so, for me we are equal†. (Austen 258) In this instance Miss and Mr Darcy is to epitomize the very cause of feminist literary criticism-to chiefly advocate for the rights and equality of women. Feminist critics say that women must marshal a variety of resources to assert, clarify, and finally implement their believes and values†. (Bressler 182) In regard to this quote, Elizabeth Bennet indeed clarifies and implements her own beliefs and values. On marrying Mr Darcy, free from social restrictions, Elizabeth said to Lady Catherine de Burgh: â€Å"I am only resolved to act in a manner, which will, in my own opinion, constitute my happiness, without reference to you, or to any person so wholly unconnected to me†. (Austen 260) As such Miss Bennet articulates her own role and place in society, although still only as a housewife, but a housewife that marries for love and her own values as opposed to the society dictated â€Å"values† of wealth and a vast fortune. Elizabeth is a perfect example of a feminist character. Not only is she unlike them, but also she does not allow her originality to interfere with her happiness. In this aspect, Austen celebrates the woman who can easily be seen as man’s equal. Elizabeth is a third wave feminist and head of her time because she does exactly what she wants in the end. CONCLUSION Feminist critics approach literature in a way that empowers the female point of view instead, typically rejecting the patriarchal language that has dominated literature. (Paul Ady, associate professor of English at Assumption College in Worcester, Massachusetts). Feminist literary criticism in english literature 175 Although the road is rocky, the characters ultimately prevent their debt to society from interfering with any attempt at personal happiness, which in my opinion is the backbone of feminism. REFERENCES [1] Austen, Jane, Pride and Prejudice, (1813), Penguin Books, 1992. [2] Coward, Rosalind, Are women’s novels Feminist novel?, in Elaine Showalter (ed.), The New Feminist Criticism: Essay on Women, Literature and Theory, Virago Books, 1986. [3] Eagleton, Mary (ed.), Feminist Literary Theory: A Reader, Basil Blackwell, 1986. [4] Sherzer, Dina, Postmodernism and Feminism, in Edmund J. Smyth (ed.), Postmodernism and Contemporary Fiction, B.T. Bats ford Ltd., 1991. [5] BBC-The Big Read, http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/vote/ Retrieved 27 January 2012. [6] Pride and Prejudice, at the internet movie data base, 2005. [7] Dexter, Gary, The Telegraph, How Pride and Prejudice got its name, 10 August 2008. [8] The Daily Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3558295/how pride and prejudice-got-its-name.html

Postpartum Depression - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1013 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Depression Essay Did you like this example? Postpartum depression is triggered by major hormonal changes and other factors such as strong mental tension, childs responsibility, and postpart physical discomfort. Inheritance also has a big influence. Postpartum depression is associated with a multiple decrease in the levels of female sex hormones, especially estrogen. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Postpartum Depression" essay for you Create order How a woman will experience the postpartum period in psychological terms depends on her personality type, on the child its own, the child care experience, and the quality of partner and family support. Much of the psychological instability is due to the high demands on both herself and her partner, the pursuit of perfection, and the restless and still crying child. The psyche of a woman in a puerperium also affects physical problems like exhaustion after heavy labor, anemia, thyroid malfunction or infectious disease. How does postpartum depression arise? Communication between nerve cells in the brain (on the nerve synapses) provides chemical substances called neurotransmitters. In depression, functional deficiency of norepinephrine and serotonin is a function of nerve synapses. In the womans body, the synergism of serotonin and the female sex hormone of estrogen, occurs. In addition, synergism results in a situation where the final effect of the co-acting components is greater than the sum of the effects of the components. That is why women are more prone to depression than men, and postpartum when there is a multiple decrease in estrogen levels will make depression to occur much easier. Postpartum depression suffers 10-15% of mothers, especially single mothers without family background. It may occur suddenly or gradually at any time during the first six months after birth of a child. The first risk period is after the arrival from the hospital when a woman has to take care of the child but also the household. Generally, however, it occurs 3 to 4 weeks after birth of a child. At that time, intensive of support from their family members declines. It may also begin when the woman stops breastfeeding or the first menstrual period occurs. Depressed mothers are tired, crying and irritated, or have strong mood swings, when the excellent mood quickly changes depression. They are unable to take care of their child, suffer from anorexia, intestinal and biliary problems, and sleep disorders (insomnia or dreadful dreams). Some women are overly concerned, they are afraid of the health of their child. Other depressing mothers feel guilty about being bad and incompetent mothers. In deeper postpartum depression, a mother refuses to take care of her child, nursing her/him, the child is indifferent to her or, on the other side, is aggressive to him/her and may endanger his/her life. Also if mother suffers from more serious psychological disorder, postpartum or lactation psychosis may occur. Its occurrence is rare, affecting 0.1 0.2% of women. These are severe changes in mothers behavior accompanied by hallucinations. Women are not only depressed but also restless and disoriented (completely out of reality). Lactation psychosis u sually breaks out from 3rd to 14th day after birth. Lastly, some mothers have suicidal thoughts. Postpartum depression can lead to disruption of the relationship between mother and child. Untreated disorder damages and slows the childs psychological, emotional and intellectual development. It has been shown that children of depressed mothers have reduced cognitive functions in their fourth year of life, such as memory deficits, attention deficit disorder, unable to adequately process new information, etc. Mother depression can lead to an increased risk of depressive and anxiety in a later life. Postpartum depression is not diagnosed in half of the affected mothers. Therefore, the gynecologist should evaluate the mothers psychic attrition at the first puerperium check. To find out what the mothers diagnose is the routine depression test is not recommended because women in the puerperium usually have depressive mood. A screening method is used to screen the Edinburgh scale of postpartum depression. This is a series of ten questions in which the mother assesses her behavior, moods and feelings with a four-point scale (0 to 3 points). If a woman reaches 12 or more points, she is probably suffering from postpartum depression. The treatment of lighter depression can be guided by a gynecologist himself. Women suffering from a heavier form of postpartum depression should be in the care of a mental health expert, a psychiatrist. If the mother or child is at risk, immediate hospitalization at the psychiatric clinic is required. Postpartum depression requires therapy. Depending on the intensity of depression, medication, psychotherapy and hormonal treatment are combined. Mild and moderate forms of depression are treated with psychotherapy. For more serious conditions, a combination of antidepressants and intensive psychotherapy is appropriate. Hormonal therapy can strengthen the effect of both psychotherapy and medication in postpartum depression. The specific drugs in the treatment of postpartum depression are antidepressants. In postpartum depression, SSRI antidepressants are selected to prevent serotonin reuptake. Individual antidepressants are excreted to the breast milk in different degrees. The most suitable antidepressants are Ascentra, Zoloft, Sertralin, Parolex and Fevarin, because their levels in breast-fed infants blood are very low or almost undetectable. The lowest level of antidepressants in infants blood is when given Sertraline (in Asentra, Zoloft, Sertralin). It is recommended to take the medicine immediately after breast-feeding. Antidepressants do not work immediately, the improvement of mood occurs after 2-3 weeks of continuous treatment, full effect after 4 weeks. From psychotherapeutic methods, interpersonal and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy is the most successful treatment. It is believed that psychotherapy makes changes in neural cell communication, including the influence of neurotransmitter function. In cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, the psychotherapist helps a woman to change her thoughts, opinions, and attitudes to induce a change in her behavior. It is assumed that the change of attitude will change the womans view on the world. Interpersonal psychotherapy is based on psychoanalysis. During treatment, an ill woman tries to understand the relationship between current difficulties and past experience and their effect on mental health. Because postpartum depression is associated with decrease of estrogen levels in womens blood, hormone therapy can be used in the treatment. Trans dermally applied estradiol in preparations Dermestril, Estraderm, Estrahexal, Estrapatch or Systen can enhance the effect of antidepressants and psychotherapy.